In OneNote 2010, here's how you do it:
Share Menu->Recent Edits->Since Yesterday
This will find all notes, sorted by date, since yesterday.
Seems like this should be in the "View" or "Review" menu, as opposed to the "Share" menu.
Viewing OneNote 2010 notes by last edit date
It is surprisingly hard to figure out how to view your OneNote 2010 notes by date. A common scenario is that I want to view the notes I took yesterday. In both Google Docs and Evernote, this is the default view (all notes sorted descending by date).